Abubuwan Zaƙi na Halitta
Steviol glycosides
Steviol glycosides, wanda kuma aka sani da stevia glycosides ko stevia sugar, su ne na halitta marasa -masu zaƙi na gina jiki na ajin glycoside. Ana fitar da su kuma ana tsabtace su daga ganyen stevia shuka (Stevia repens), tsire-tsire mai tsiro a cikin dangin Asteraceae. Su ne diterpenoid glycosides, fari ko dan kadan rawaya maras wari foda tare da kwayoyin dabara C38H60O18. Matsakaicin narkewar su shine digiri 196-202, tare da ƙimar calorific na 0. Su kusan sau 300 sun fi zaki fiye da sucrose, tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci da ciyawa, kuma zaƙi yana tasowa sannu a hankali. Steviol glycosides suna narkewa a cikin ruwa da ethanol, hygroscopic, kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali na thermal mai ƙarfi, yana sa su da wahala a ruɓe.
Monk 'ya'yan itace glycosides ne na halitta triterpenoid glycoside sweeteners. Abubuwan da suke da daɗi shine C60H102O29 · H2O, yana ɗauke da ragowar glucose 5. Ana samar da su ta hanyar hakowa daga 'ya'yan itacen monk tare da ruwa ko 50% ethanol, sannan a bi da hankali, bushewa, da recrystallization. Monk 'ya'yan itace glycosides ne fari crystalline foda tare da narkewa batu na 197-201 digiri (decomposes). Sun fi sucrose sau 260 zaƙi, tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci wanda yake tunawa da steviol glycosides.
Glycyrrhizin, wanda kuma aka sani da glycyrrhizin, yana da tsarin kwayoyin C42H62O16. Farin lu'ulu'un foda ne mai narkewa na digiri 220 (bazuwa), ƙimar calorific na 0, da zaki sau 200 na sucrose. Yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci na ɗan lokaci. Licorice tsantsa ne dan kadan insoluble a cikin ruwa da kuma tsarma ethanol mafita, amma readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi. Yana da rauni acidic kuma ana amfani dashi sosai don haɓakawa da haɓaka zaƙi, da daidaita dandano. Lokacin amfani da shi tare da sodium saccharin da nucleic acid{10} tushen ɗanɗanon dandano, yana da tasirin daidaitawa akan zaƙi da ɗanɗano. Samfuran da ake samu na kasuwanci sune ammonium ko gishirin potassium.
Xylitol, wanda kuma aka sani da barasa pentapentyl, yana da tsarin kwayoyin C5H12O5. Pure xylitol shine farin crystalline foda tare da kewayon narkewa na 92-96 digiri. Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na thermal, ƙimar calorific na 17 kJ/g, kuma mai zaki sau 0.65-1.05 na sucrose. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi idan an sha kai tsaye. A matsayin mai filler mai zaki, xylitol na iya ba da tsari da girma ga abinci kuma yana da ayyuka kamar hana lalata haƙori, baya haifar da sauyi a cikin matakan sukari na jini, da haɓaka haɓakar furen hanji masu amfani. Xylitol yana hana ci gaban yisti da ayyukan fermentation; don haka, bai dace da abincin da ake buƙatar fermentation yisti ba. Yawan shan xylitol na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi na ciki ko gudawa. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi kuma yana iya haɓaka ɗanɗano idan aka haɗe shi da sauran kayan zaki. Yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan gyaran dandano da wari, kuma halayensa masu dadi suna da kyau idan aka yi amfani da su tare da saccharin da acesulfame potassium, masking da m dandano da dandano sau da yawa hade da karfi sweeteners. Yawan shan erythritol na iya haifar da gudawa da kumburi.
Abubuwan Zaƙi Na Halitta
Sucralose
Sucralose, wanda kuma aka sani da trichlorogalactosucrose ko sucralose, wani trichloro ne na sucrose. Tsarin kwayoyinsa shine C12H19O8Cl3. Farin kristalin foda ne mai narkewar digiri 125 da darajar calorific na 0. Ya fi sucrose zaƙi sau 600, yana da tsarki, sucrose{8}} kamar zaƙi, babu ɗanɗano, kuma baya haifar da ruɓewar haƙori ko hawan jini. Sucralose yana da kyakkyawan solubility da kwanciyar hankali, kuma yana iya kawar da ɗanɗano mai tsami da gishiri; yana iya rufe abubuwan da ba su da daɗi kamar astringency, ɗaci, da dandano na giya; kuma yana iya haɓaka dandano na yaji da madara.
Alitame, wanda aka fi sani da aspartic acid alanine, shine dipeptide sweetener tare da tsarin kwayoyin C14H25N3O4S · 2.5H2O. Farin lu'ulu'un foda ne, kusan sau 2000 mafi zaki fiye da sucrose kuma sau 10 mafi zaki fiye da aspartame (APM). Ba abin zaƙi na gina jiki ba tare da ɗanɗano mai kama da sucrose, ba tare da ɗanɗano ba ko astringency na ƙarfe, kuma ba hygroscopic ba ne. Yana da sauƙin narkewa cikin ruwa da ethanol, yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma yana da kyakkyawan zafi da juriya na acid. Yana da matukar kwanciyar hankali a cikin mahalli tare da pH 5-8. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yin burodi, alitame ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da aspartame, yana riƙe fa'idodin aspartame yayin da yake shawo kan rashin amfanin sa. Alitame bai dace da amfani da burodi da abubuwan sha ba.
Artificial Sweeteners: Neotame. Neotame asalin aspartame ne wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ƙara ƙungiyar hydrophobic zuwa kwayoyin aspartame. Sunan sinadarai shine kawai dimethyl ethyl aspartate, tare da tsarin kwayoyin C20H30N2O5. Yana da farin crystalline foda, amma yawanci ana samun monohydrate, tare da ma'anar kwayoyin halitta C20H30N2O5 · H2O, ma'anar narkewa na 80.9-83.4 digiri, kuma baya lalata. Neotame ya fi sau 30-60 zaki fiye da aspartame kuma sau 6000-10000 ya fi sucrose. Yana riƙe da yawa daga cikin kyawawan kaddarorin aspartame, kamar zaƙi zaƙi, kyakkyawan rarrabawa da dandano{19}}ƙarfafa kaddarorin, babu adadin kuzari, kuma babu cariogenicity. Neotame monohydrate ba shi da hygroscopic. A cikin yanayin acidic, neotame yana nuna kusan kwanciyar hankali kamar aspartame; duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin pH mai tsaka-tsaki ko a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai wucewa, neotame yana da mahimmanci mafi kwanciyar hankali fiye da aspartame, yana sa ya dace da aikace-aikace inda aspartame bai dace ba, kamar a cikin kayan gasa.
Saccharin, wanda aka fi sani da o -sulfonylbenzoimide, yana da tsarin kwayoyin halitta C7H5O3NS, kewayon narkewa na digiri 228-230, kuma crystal ne mara launi ko fari foda. Zaƙinsa ya kai kusan sau 500 na sucrose. Saccharin kuma an san shi da saccharin mai narkewa ko saccharin acid. Abin da aka fi sani da saccharin shine ainihin sodium saccharin, gishiri sodium na saccharin, tare da tsarin kwayoyin C7H4O3NSNa · 2H2O. Yana iya narkewa cikin ruwa kuma an san shi da saccharin mai narkewa. Yana bayyana kamar mara launi zuwa farantin orthorhombic -kamar lu'ulu'u, mara wari ko kuma da ɗan ƙamshi, ba za a iya daidaita shi a jikin ɗan adam ba, yana da ƙimar calorific na 0, kuma maganin sa na ruwa yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci. Cyclamate, wanda aka fi sani da suna cyclohexylsulfamic acid, yana da tsarin kwayoyin C6H13NO3S. Yana da farin crystalline foda tare da kewayon narkewa na 169-170 digiri da darajar calorific na 0. Daɗinsa shine sau 40-50 na sucrose. Cyclamate da ake samu a kasuwanci shine ainihin sodium ko gishirin calcium, yana bayyana azaman lu'ulu'u marasa launi ko fari. Yana da zafi{31}} tsayayye, mara nauyi, mai narkewa cikin ruwa, ba shi da ɗanɗano mara daɗi, kuma yana rufe dacin. Ana amfani da Cyclamate yawanci tare da saccharin, sau da yawa a cikin rabo na 10: 1, yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen zaki da kuma masking na juna na dandano mara kyau, don haka inganta halayen dandano. Hakanan akwai rahotannin tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cyclamate, saccharin, da aspartame{37}} Acesulfame K Acesulfame K, wanda kuma aka sani da AK sugar, yana da sunan sinadarai acesulfame potassium, tare da tsarin kwayoyin C4H4SKNO4. Samfurin mai tsabta shine fari, lu'u-lu'u lu'u-lu'u tare da ma'anar narkewa na digiri 123. Ya fara bazuwa sama da digiri 225, yana da ƙimar calorific na 0, kuma ya fi sau 150 zaki fiye da sucrose. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi mai daɗi ba tare da wani ɗanɗano mara daɗi ba kuma ana iya haɗa shi da sauran kayan zaki. Acesulfame K yana iya narkewa cikin ruwa kuma yana da ƙarfi ga zafi da acid.